ABSTRACT
Inflammatory cells infiltration and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) are the main pathological characteristics of multiple sclerosis(MS),an autoimmune disease in the CNS.Most of the related pathological studies are carried out in the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE).Microglia(MG) are the primary immune effector cells of the CNS and their activation can play complex roles in demyelination and remyelination during EAE.In detail,M1 phenotype is an important cause of demyelination and detrimental to remyelination while M2 phenotype can promote remyelination and inhibit demyelination.In this review,we not only focus on advances in the direct mechanisms of microglial function on demyelination and remyelination in EAE model,also the indirect mechanisms by astrocytes.
ABSTRACT
Background:The ability of tumor cells to evade destruction by immune system is known as tumor immune escape. Regulatory T cells( Treg cells)and myeloid-derived suppressor cells( MDSCs)are considered to be the most critical cell subsets participating in tumor immune escape. Aims:To determine the percentages of Treg cells and MDSCs in peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer for investigating the effects of these two cell subsets on development and progression of gastric cancer. Methods:Peripheral blood specimens from 77 patients with gastric cancer and 20 healthy controls were collected for measurements of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells and MDSCs by flow cytometry. Correlations between Treg cells,MDSCs and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer were analyzed. Results:Percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 + Treg cells in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and percentage of MDSCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were both significantly higher in gastric cancer patients than in healthy controls( Treg cells:4. 72% ± 1. 01% vs. 1. 57% ± 0. 99%,P<0. 01;MDSCs:21. 72% ± 10. 12% vs. 2. 90% ± 1. 80%,P<0. 01). Percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood was correlated with the clinical stage,depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer(P<0. 05), while percentage of MDSCs was correlated with the clinical stage of gastric cancer(P<0. 05). Furthermore,a significant positive correlation was observed between percentages of Treg cells and MDSCs in peripheral blood of gastric cancer patients ( rs =0. 681,P<0. 01). Conclusions:Gastric cancer patients are characterized by high expressions of immunosuppressive cells in peripheral blood,such as Treg cells and MDSCs,which might be related with the development and progression of gastric cancer via tumor immune escape.
ABSTRACT
Platelet glycoprotein ⅡbⅢa receptor antagonists is a class of novel antiplatelet agents. This article explores the application and prospect of platelet glycoprotein ⅡbⅢa receptor antagonists in ischemic stroke from the aspects of its combination with thrombolytic agents, the application of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS), and be used alone.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To observe the relationship between homocysteine(Hcy)and spatial cognitive ability and to evaluate whether vitamin B12 supplementation could protect spatial cognitive ability in rats. Methods: The rats were randomized into three groups. The experimental group was given methionine subcutaneously. The intervention group was given methionine and vitamin B12 subcutaneously. The control group received isometric normal saline. After being raised for 8 weeks, all rats were examined for plasma Hcy and serum vitamin B12 and scores of Y-maze test. The brain tissues of hippocampus were checked immunohistochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results: The experimental group developed hyperhomocysteinemia and descreased spatial cognitive ability significantly (P0.05). Conclusion: Homocysteine can impair the spatial cognitive ability in rats and vitamin B12 is effective in lowering Hcy level and protect the spatial cognitive ability of rats.